Economic Development
ORF America
The arc of ascent of China’s financial system

By Udaibir Das

China must build on its institutional progress and the policy suggestions noted in the 2025 FSSA while adapting to a more fragmented global financial landscape. The shift from insulation, as pointed out by the IMF in 2010, as well as the shift to sensible integration, as outlined by the IMF in 2025, stays unfinished.

The arc of ascent of China’s financial system
Background Paper, Technology Policy
ORF America
China’s Critical Mineral Export Controls: ...

Background Paper No. 32

By Abhisri Nath & Jeffrey D. Bean

China’s Critical Mineral Export Controls: Background & Chokepoints
Economic Development
ORF America
Capital crunch stifles entrepreneurs in ...

By Udaibir Das

As concessional finance declines, vulnerabilities mount and aid priorities shift, vulnerable low-income countries must increasingly rely on domestic sources of funding. Efficient capital markets are not a luxury – they are foundational infrastructure for economic growth.

Capital crunch stifles entrepreneurs in low-income economies
Background Paper, Technology Policy
ORF America
The Road Ahead for U.S. Policy on Artificial ...

Background Paper No. 31

By Sarah Box

The Road Ahead for U.S. Policy on Artificial Intelligence
Technology Policy
ORF America
Navigating the Entanglements in the U.S.-China ...

By Linda Nhon and Andreas Kuehn

Trump 2.0’s overall policy directions in critical and emerging technologies will likely hew to common expectations. The details, however, of what technologies the new administration will prioritise and how actions, such as tariffs and export controls for example, will affect the United States’ (US) innovation and technology leadership remains underexplored.

Navigating the Entanglements in the U.S.-China Quantum Technology Race

2023

Cash Transfers in the Context of Energy Subsidy Reform: Insights from Recent Experience

Cash Transfers in the Context of Energy Subsidy Reform: Insights from Recent Experience

By Anit Mukherjee, Yuko Okamura, Ugo Gentilini, Defne Gencer, Mohamed Almenfi, Adea Kryeziu, Miriam Montenegro, and Nithin Umapathi

Over the past several decades, as part of the evolving understanding of energy subsidy reforms, there has been growing recognition of the potential of targeted cash transfers to support the poor and vulnerable to help governments achieve desired policy outcomes at lower fiscal cost and in a sustainable manner.

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