Background Paper
ORF America
Energy Transition and Global South Cooperation: ...

Background Paper No. 33

By Anit Mukherjee and Caroline Arkalji

Energy Transition and Global South Cooperation: Case of Biofuels
Economic Development
ORF America
The arc of ascent of China’s financial system

By Udaibir Das

China must build on its institutional progress and the policy suggestions noted in the 2025 FSSA while adapting to a more fragmented global financial landscape. The shift from insulation, as pointed out by the IMF in 2010, as well as the shift to sensible integration, as outlined by the IMF in 2025, stays unfinished.

The arc of ascent of China’s financial system
Background Paper, Technology Policy
ORF America
China’s Critical Mineral Export Controls: ...

Background Paper No. 32

By Abhisri Nath & Jeffrey D. Bean

China’s Critical Mineral Export Controls: Background & Chokepoints
Economic Development
ORF America
Capital crunch stifles entrepreneurs in ...

By Udaibir Das

As concessional finance declines, vulnerabilities mount and aid priorities shift, vulnerable low-income countries must increasingly rely on domestic sources of funding. Efficient capital markets are not a luxury – they are foundational infrastructure for economic growth.

Capital crunch stifles entrepreneurs in low-income economies
Background Paper, Technology Policy
ORF America
The Road Ahead for U.S. Policy on Artificial ...

Background Paper No. 31

By Sarah Box

The Road Ahead for U.S. Policy on Artificial Intelligence

Smart Cities as Large Technological Systems: Collective Action Problems as Organizational Barriers to Urban Digital Transformation

Smart Cities as Large Technological Systems: Collective Action Problems as Organizational Barriers to Urban Digital Transformation

By Andreas Kuehn

In a race to develop ‘smart cities’, policymakers in metropolitan regions across the world are rapidly deploying IoT devices, sensors, and emerging ICTs, including AI and facial recognition to solve various urban governance challenges, including the need to increase efficiencies, and empower citizens.

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