Economic Development
ORF America
The arc of ascent of China’s financial system

By Udaibir Das

China must build on its institutional progress and the policy suggestions noted in the 2025 FSSA while adapting to a more fragmented global financial landscape. The shift from insulation, as pointed out by the IMF in 2010, as well as the shift to sensible integration, as outlined by the IMF in 2025, stays unfinished.

The arc of ascent of China’s financial system
Background Paper, Technology Policy
ORF America
China’s Critical Mineral Export Controls: ...

Background Paper No. 32

By Abhisri Nath & Jeffrey D. Bean

China’s Critical Mineral Export Controls: Background & Chokepoints
Economic Development
ORF America
Capital crunch stifles entrepreneurs in ...

By Udaibir Das

As concessional finance declines, vulnerabilities mount and aid priorities shift, vulnerable low-income countries must increasingly rely on domestic sources of funding. Efficient capital markets are not a luxury – they are foundational infrastructure for economic growth.

Capital crunch stifles entrepreneurs in low-income economies
Background Paper, Technology Policy
ORF America
The Road Ahead for U.S. Policy on Artificial ...

Background Paper No. 31

By Sarah Box

The Road Ahead for U.S. Policy on Artificial Intelligence
Technology Policy
ORF America
Navigating the Entanglements in the U.S.-China ...

By Linda Nhon and Andreas Kuehn

Trump 2.0’s overall policy directions in critical and emerging technologies will likely hew to common expectations. The details, however, of what technologies the new administration will prioritise and how actions, such as tariffs and export controls for example, will affect the United States’ (US) innovation and technology leadership remains underexplored.

Navigating the Entanglements in the U.S.-China Quantum Technology Race

Energy & Climate

Inequality in air pollution mortality from power generation in India

Inequality in air pollution mortality from power generation in India

By Shayak Sengupta, Sumil K Thakrar, Kirat Singh, Rahul Tongia, Jason D. Hill, Ines M. L. Azevedo, and Peter J. Adams

Air pollution and greenhouse gases from India's coal-dominant electricity system causes widespread, premature deaths in the country.

Subnational implications from climate and air pollution policies in India's electricity sector

Subnational implications from climate and air pollution policies in India's electricity sector

By Shayak Sengupta, Peter Adams, Thomas Deetjen, Puneet Kamboj, Swati D'Souza, Rahul Tongia, and Inês Azevedo

Electricity consumption and emissions of states in India are similar to differences between those of entire countries.

Emissions from Indian Power Generation

Emissions from Indian Power Generation

By Shayak Sengupta, Thomas Spencer, Neshwin Rodrigues, Raghav Pachouri, Shubham Thakare, Peter Adams, Rahul Tongia, Inês Azevedo

As electricity demand and living standards in India increase, the country will plug in new technology like electric vehicles and air conditioners.

Should India Move toward Vehicle Electrification?

Should India Move toward Vehicle Electrification?

By Tapas Peshin, Shayak Sengupta, and Inês Azevedo

Compared to their conventional counterparts, electric vehicles may reduce greenhouse gas emissions in many states in India, but also increase air pollution from electricity generation because most Indian coal plants do not control their air pollution emissions.

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